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In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by an outside force, as when broken or cut.
In physics, the thermal equation of state is a mathematical expression of pressure P, temperature T, and, volume V.The thermal equation of state for ideal gases is the ideal gas law, expressed as PV=nRT (where R is the gas constant and n the amount of substance), while the thermal equation of state for solids is expressed as:
A small piece of rapidly melting solid argon shows two concurrent phase changes. The transition from solid to liquid, and gas to liquid (shown by the white condensed water vapour). Other phase changes include: Transition to a mesophase between solid and liquid, such as one of the "liquid crystal" phases.
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as solid-state chemistry, quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from their atomic-scale ...
In such two-dimensional cases, photon gases with tuneable chemical potential, much reminiscent to gases of material particles, can be observed. [22] Electric charge is different because it is intrinsically conserved, i.e. it can be neither created nor destroyed. It can, however, diffuse. The "chemical potential of electric charge" controls this ...
Degenerate gas can be compressed to very high densities, typical values being in the range of 10,000 kilograms per cubic centimeter. There is an upper limit to the mass of an electron-degenerate object, the Chandrasekhar limit , beyond which electron degeneracy pressure cannot support the object against collapse.
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(For the polyatomic ideal gas, N o is the number of atoms in a molecule.) In gas, constant-pressure specific heat capacity c p,f has a larger value and the difference depends on the temperature T , volumetric thermal expansion coefficient β and the isothermal compressibility κ [ c p,f – c v,f = Tβ 2 /( ρ f κ ), ρ f : the fluid density].