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Trisomy 21. Down syndrome (also known by the karyotype 47,XX,+21 for females and 47,XY,+21 for males) [98] is mostly caused by a failure of the 21st chromosome to separate during egg or sperm development, known as nondisjunction. [91] As a result, a sperm or egg cell is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 21; this cell thus has 24 ...
A child with Down syndrome. A prominent example of a genetically determined neurodevelopmental disorder is trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome. This disorder usually results from an extra chromosome 21, [41] although in uncommon instances it is related to other chromosomal abnormalities such as translocation of the genetic material.
Autistic spectrum disorders affect speech, understanding body language, social interactions, difficulty in understanding others in areas such as sarcasm and other's feelings, and causes repetitive behaviors known as stimming. Down syndrome is a genetic condition in which people are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra copy ...
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that often results in distinct physical differences and intellectual disability. According to the Centers for Disease Control, each year about 6,000 babies are ...
Prenatal viral infection has been called the principal non-genetic cause of autism. Prenatal exposure to rubella or cytomegalovirus activates the mother's immune response and may greatly increase the risk for autism in mice. [71] Congenital rubella syndrome is the most convincing environmental cause of autism. [72]
Genetics of Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on chromosome 21, either in whole (trisomy 21) or part (such as due to translocations). The effects of the extra copy varies greatly from individual to individual, depending on the extent of the extra copy ...
Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal genes inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons like de novo mutations in genes associated with intellectual disability. [27] [better source needed] The most prevalent genetic conditions include Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Fragile X syndrome (common among boys ...
ASD is also associated with neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1). [57] NF-1 is a complex multi-system human disorder caused by the mutation of a gene on chromosome 17 that is responsible for production of a protein, called neurofibromin 1, which is needed for normal function in many human cell types. NF-1 causes tumors along the nervous system which ...