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The Arizona Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (AZCERT) maintains the CredibleMeds database. Founded in 2000 at the University of Arizona as part of a network of 14 federally-funded CERTs, [9] AZCERT became a separate non-profit corporation in 2012 funded by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), research grants, and charitable contributions.
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a condition affecting repolarization (relaxing) of the heart after a heartbeat, giving rise to an abnormally lengthy QT interval. [7] It results in an increased risk of an irregular heartbeat which can result in fainting, drowning, seizures, or sudden death. [1]
Excessive QT prolongation can trigger tachycardias such as torsades de pointes (TdP). QT prolongation is an established side effect of antiarrhythmics, but can also be caused by a wide range of non-cardiac medicines, including antibiotics, antidepressants, antihistamines, opioids, and complementary medicines.
QT interval dispersion (QTd) is the maximum QT interval minus the minimum QT interval, and is linked with ventricular repolarization. [40] A QTd over 80 ms is considered abnormally prolonged. [ 41 ] Increased QTd is associated with mortality in type 2 diabetes. [ 41 ]
Long QT syndrome, or LQTS, is when somebody’s QT interval is longer than normal, which should typically be less than half of a cardiac cycle. In fact, for a heart rate of 60 beats per minute, the QT interval’s generally considered to be abnormally long when it’s greater than 440 milliseconds in males or 460 milliseconds in females.
Romano–Ward syndrome is principally diagnosed by measuring the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Romano–Ward syndrome is associated with a prolonged QTc, although in some genetically proven cases of Romano–Ward syndrome this prolongation can be hidden, known as concealed Long QT syndrome. [13]
The risk of arrhythmias is higher for those with Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome than other forms of long QT syndrome. [10] Although this risk is dependent on the underlying genetic defect and degree of QT prolongation, without treatment more than 50% of those affected will die before the age of 15. [11]
According to Johns Hopkins' ABX Guide for COVID-19, "Hydroxychloroquine may cause prolonged QT, and caution should be used in critically ill COVID-19 patients who may have cardiac dysfunction or if combined with other drugs that cause QT prolongation". [48]