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Birmingham's population quadrupled between 1700 and 1750. [179] By 1775 – before the start of the mechanisation of the Lancashire cotton trade [180] – Birmingham was already the third most-populous town in England, smaller only than the older southern ports of London and Bristol and growing faster than any of its rivals. [181]
19 November: Birmingham Blitz: Heavy air raids in the Birmingham area begin with 53 deaths at the Birmingham Small Arms Company factory in Small Heath alone. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Up to 28 November around 800 people are killed, 2,345 injured and 20,000 made homeless.
With 16,281 start-ups registered during 2013, Birmingham has the highest level of entrepreneurial activity outside London, [193] while the number of registered businesses in the city grew by 8.1% during 2016. [194] Birmingham was behind only London and Edinburgh for private sector job creation between 2010 and 2013. [195]
April 3: Birmingham campaign for civil rights begins. [25] April 16: Martin Luther King Jr. writes his "Letter from Birmingham Jail", first published in June 1963 issues of Liberation, [26] The Christian Century, [27] and The New Leader. May: Birmingham riot of 1963. September 15: 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. [12] [28] Birmingham ...
From the start, Birmingham's streets and avenues were unusually wide at 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m), purportedly to help evacuate unhealthy smoke.
By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th largest city in the U.S. and held more than 30% of the population of the state. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of the economy. Chemical and structural constraints limited the quality of steel produced from Alabama's iron and coal. These materials did, however, combine to make ideal foundry iron.
The population of the city increased from 5-7,000 in 1700 to nearly 24,000 in 1750, and by 1775 the population was about 40,000, making Birmingham the third largest town in the UK after London and Bristol. In 1791, Arthur Young described Birmingham as "the first manufacturing town in the world".
Birmingham's boundaries were expanded at several times during the 19th and 20th centuries. Birmingham was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1838. The borough initially included the parishes of Birmingham and Edgbaston and part of the parish of Aston. In 1889, the municipal borough of Birmingham was reconstituted as a county borough.