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The Quaternary (/ k w ə ˈ t ɜːr n ə r i, ˈ k w ɒ t ər n ɛr i / kwə-TUR-nə-ree, KWOT-ər-nerr-ee) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the Phanerozoic eon. [3]
The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. The Tortonian and Messinian stages comprise the Late Miocene sub-epoch, which lasted from 11.63 Ma ( million years ago ) to 5.333 Ma.
Intra-plate basaltic volcanism has occurred in Northland from late Miocene to Quaternary times. The Kerikeri volcanic group covered the area from Kaikohe, Kerikeri, to Whangārei. Activity began about 9 Ma, and the youngest cones are probably only tens of thousands of years old.
The Miocene (/ ˈ m aɪ. ə s iː n,-oʊ-/ MY-ə-seen, -oh-) [6] [7] is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words μείων (meíōn, "less") and καινός (kainós, "new") [8] [9] and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern marine invertebrates ...
The Quaternary glaciation produced more lakes than all other geologic processes combined. The reason is that a continental glacier completely disrupts the preglacial drainage system . The surface over which the glacier moved was scoured and eroded by the ice, leaving many closed, undrained depressions in the bedrock.
This genus is known in the fossil records from the latest Miocene to the Quaternary (age range: from 5.332 to 1.806 million years ago). Fossils are found in the marine strata of Italy, the Netherlands, the Bahía Inglesa Formation of the Caldera Basin, Chile and in the fossiliferous Pisco Formation of Peru.
The MNQ (Mammal Neogene Quaternary) scheme added an additional 12 units in total, MNQ 16–27. For small mammals there is a third scheme, the MmQ, published by Agustí, Moyà‐Solà, and Pons‐Moyà in 1987. [ 12 ]
During the Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene, a massive basaltic volcanic activity occurred. After the emission of alkali basalts during the Late Miocene, major volcanic activity occurred during the Late Pliocene, in which large volumes of tholeiitic basalts were emitted and the foredeep north of the Hyblean foreland collapsed. [9]