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Cause of skin effect. A main current I flowing through a conductor induces a magnetic field H.If the current increases, as in this figure, the resulting increase in H induces separate, circulating eddy currents I W which partially cancel the current flow in the center and reinforce it near the skin.
Another factor that reduces the useful current-carrying ability of AC lines is the skin effect, which causes a nonuniform distribution of current over the cross-sectional area of the conductor. Transmission line conductors operating with direct current suffer from neither constraint.
An electrical injury (electric injury) or electrical shock (electric shock) is damage sustained to the skin or internal organs on direct contact with an electric current. [2] [3] The injury depends on the density of the current, tissue resistance and duration of contact. [4]
Self-induced eddy currents are responsible for the skin effect in conductors. [1] The latter can be used for non-destructive testing of materials for geometry features, like micro-cracks. [2] A similar effect is the proximity effect, which is caused by externally induced eddy currents. [3]
The skin effect and proximity effect cause conductors to exhibit higher resistance to alternating current (AC) than to direct current (DC). Due to the dual inverse nature of the electromagnetic field, the skin effect dominates at frequencies less than about 2 MHz; at higher frequencies, the proximity effect becomes the dominant force, and Litz wire induces more DC losses than solid wire or ...
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In 1856 Guillaume Duchenne announced that alternating was superior to direct current for electrotherapeutic triggering of muscle contractions. [41] What he called the 'warming effect' of direct currents irritated the skin, since, at voltage strengths needed for muscle contractions, they cause the skin to blister (at the anode) and pit (at the ...
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