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Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. [1] [2] Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions.
GnuPG encrypts messages using asymmetric key pairs individually generated by GnuPG users. The resulting public keys may be exchanged with other users in a variety of ways, such as Internet key servers. They must always be exchanged carefully to prevent identity spoofing by corrupting public key ↔ "owner" identity correspondences.
The attacker could then present his public key in place of the victim's public key to masquerade as the victim. A secondary threat to some systems is a collision attack, where an attacker constructs multiple key pairs which hash to his own fingerprint. This may allow an attacker to repudiate signatures he has created, or cause other confusion.
Since public-key algorithms tend to be much slower than symmetric-key algorithms, modern systems such as TLS and SSH use a combination of the two: one party receives the other's public key, and encrypts a small piece of data (either a symmetric key or some data used to generate it). The remainder of the conversation uses a (typically faster ...
The first party, Alice, generates a key pair as follows: Generate an efficient description of a cyclic group of order with generator. Let represent the identity element of . It is not necessary to come up with a group and generator for each new key.
A cryptographic key is called ephemeral if it is generated for each execution of a key establishment process. [1] In some cases ephemeral keys are used more than once, within a single session (e.g., in broadcast applications) where the sender generates only one ephemeral key pair per message and the private key is combined separately with each recipient's public key.
The original creation of Gpg4win was initiated and funded by Germany's Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) in 2005, [2] [3] resulting in the release of Gpg4win 1.0.0 on 6 April 2006; [4] however Gpg4win and all included tools are free and open source software, and it is typically the non-proprietary option for privacy recommended [5] [6] to Windows users.
Key exchange (also key establishment) is a method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between two parties, allowing use of a cryptographic algorithm. In the Diffie–Hellman key exchange scheme, each party generates a public/private key pair and distributes the public key. After obtaining an authentic copy of each other's ...