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When an exponent is a positive integer, that exponent indicates how many copies of the base are multiplied together. For example, 3 5 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 = 243. The base 3 appears 5 times in the multiplication, because the exponent is 5. Here, 243 is the 5th power of 3, or 3 raised to the 5th power.
When exponents were introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, they were given precedence over both addition and multiplication and placed as a superscript to the right of their base. [2] Thus 3 + 5 2 = 28 and 3 × 5 2 = 75. These conventions exist to avoid notational ambiguity while allowing notation to remain brief. [4]
When multiplication is repeated, the resulting operation is known as exponentiation. For instance, the product of three factors of two (2×2×2) is "two raised to the third power", and is denoted by 2 3, a two with a superscript three. In this example, the number two is the base, and three is the exponent. [26]
For n greater than about 4 this is computationally more efficient than naively multiplying the base with itself repeatedly. Each squaring results in approximately double the number of digits of the previous, and so, if multiplication of two d -digit numbers is implemented in O( d k ) operations for some fixed k , then the complexity of ...
The base of an exponential function is the base of the exponentiation that appears in it when written as , namely . [6] The base is e k {\displaystyle e^{k}} in the second characterization, exp f ′ ( x ) f ( x ) {\textstyle \exp {\frac {f'(x)}{f(x)}}} in the third one, and ( f ( x + d ) f ( x ) ) 1 / d {\textstyle ...
Logarithms and exponentials with the same base cancel each other. This is true because logarithms and exponentials are inverse operations—much like the same way multiplication and division are inverse operations, and addition and subtraction are inverse operations.