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Play is older than culture, for culture, however inadequately defined, always presupposes human society, and animals have not waited for man to teach them their playing. [6] Huizinga begins by making it clear that animals played before humans. One of the most significant (human and cultural) aspects of play is that it is fun. [7]
Work as play is the concept of a qualitative change in human work activity. An idea does not have a single author, but is present in studies and culture. [1] Work is usually perceived as an external obligation and play as an internal compulsion. [2] Consequently, turning work into play is seen as the solution to the alienation of labor. [3]
Although adults who engage in high amounts of play may find themselves described as "childish" or "young at heart" by less playful adults, play is an important activity, regardless of age. Creativity and happiness can result from adult play, where the objective can be more than fun alone, as in adult expression of the arts, or curiosity-driven ...
The history of games dates to the ancient human past. [3] Games are an integral part of all cultures and are one of the oldest forms of human social interaction. Games are formalized expressions of play which allow people to go beyond immediate imagination and direct physical activity. Common features of games include uncertainty of outcome ...
A game is a structured type of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. [1] Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving an artistic layout such as mahjong, solitaire, or some video games).
But amid the push to get projects done, they’re frequently ignored and pressed to “play ball and get along,” he said. In an internal survey conducted last year by bank auditors, 77 percent of employees responsible for enforcing the institution’s safeguards said they think that management “does not value” their work.
Man, Play and Games (ISBN 0029052009) is the influential 1961 book by the French sociologist Roger Caillois (French: Les jeux et les hommes, 1958) on the sociology of play and games or, in Caillois' terms, sociology derived from play. Caillois interprets many social structures as elaborate forms of games and much behaviour as a form of play.
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