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It also involves sending various control and signalling data required to reach the destination. This creates a so-called protocol overhead as the additional data does not contribute to the intrinsic meaning of the message. [5] [6] In telephony, number dialing and call set-up time are overheads.
The NIST Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures [1] is a reference work maintained by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. It defines a large number of terms relating to algorithms and data structures. For algorithms and data structures not necessarily mentioned here, see list of algorithms and list of data structures.
An implicit data structure is one with constant O(1) space overhead (above the information-theoretic lower bound).. Historically, Munro & Suwanda (1980) defined an implicit data structure (and algorithms acting on one) as one "in which structural information is implicit in the way data are stored, rather than explicit in pointers."
For a more comprehensive listing of data structures, see List of data structures. The comparisons in this article are organized by abstract data type . As a single concrete data structure may be used to implement many abstract data types, some data structures may appear in multiple comparisons (for example, a hash map can be used to implement ...
[16] [17] And with certain programs the number of steps may be much smaller, for example a specific family of lambda terms using Church numerals take an infinite amount of steps with call-by-value (i.e. never complete), an exponential number of steps with call-by-name, but only a polynomial number with call-by-need.
This is a list of well-known data structures. For a wider list of terms, see list of terms relating to algorithms and data structures. For a comparison of running times for a subset of this list see comparison of data structures.
In information security, computer science, and other fields, the principle of least privilege (PoLP), also known as the principle of minimal privilege (PoMP) or the principle of least authority (PoLA), requires that in a particular abstraction layer of a computing environment, every module (such as a process, a user, or a program, depending on the subject) must be able to access only the ...
In these languages, data and methods to manipulate the data are in the same code unit called an object. This encapsulation ensures that the only way that an object can access data is via methods of the object that contains the data. Thus, an object's inner workings may be changed without affecting code that uses the object.