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The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil.It is approximately 42 gigajoules or 11.630 megawatt-hours, although as different crude oils have different calorific values, the exact value is defined by convention; several slightly different definitions exist.
Metric regions commonly use the tonne of oil equivalent (toe), or more often million toe (Mtoe). Since this is a measurement of mass, any conversion to barrels of oil equivalent depends on the density of the oil in question, as well as the energy content. Typically 1 tonne of oil has a volume of 1.08 to 1.19 cubic metres (6.8 to 7.5 bbl).
Bentonite layers from an ancient deposit of weathered volcanic ash tuff in Wyoming Gray shale and bentonites (Benton Shale; Colorado Springs, Colorado). Bentonite (/ ˈ b ɛ n t ə n aɪ t / BEN-tə-nyte) [1] [2] is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite.
Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, have been used for clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite.
Harbour ton, used in South Africa in the 20th century, was equivalent to (2,000 pounds (907 kg)) or 1 short ton. Assay ton (abbreviation 'AT') is not a unit of measurement but a standard quantity used in assaying ores of precious metals. A short assay ton is approximately 29.17 g (1.029 oz) and a long assay ton is approximately 32.67 g (1.152 oz).
The volcanic eruption that produced the Deicke K-bentonite bed which has been dated to 457.1 ±1.0, which was calculated using a concordant uranium-lead dating zircon fraction. [2] The Deicke and Millbrig eruptions have a minimal estimation of 600,000 km 2 (230,000 sq mi) covered and at least 1,122 km 3 (269 cu mi) of pre-compaction bentonite ...
For the cubic ton, the situation is more complex—there are different cubic tons for different materials. The 1964 Reader's Digest Great Encyclopaedic Dictionary gave the following ton-derived volumes: Timber, 40 cubic feet or 480.0 bd ft or 1.133 m 3; Stone, 16 cubic feet (0.453 m 3) Salt, 42 US bushels (1.480 m 3) Lime, 40 US bushels (1.410 m 3)
Daily oil consumption by region from 1980 to 2006. This is a list of countries by oil consumption. [1] [2] In 2022, the International Energy Agency (IEA) announced that the total worldwide oil consumption would rise by 2% [3] year over year compared to 2021 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. [citation needed]