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Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is a magnetic resonance imaging sequence with an inversion recovery set to null fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. [ 1 ]
Axial T2 FLAIR sequence MR image of a middle-aged man with leukoaraiosis. MRI image: Leukoaraiosis in a 90-year-old patient with cerebral atrophy. Head CT showing periventricular white matter lesions. Leukoaraiosis is a particular abnormal change in appearance of white matter near the lateral ventricles. It is often seen in aged individuals ...
MRI scans showing hyperintensities. A hyperintensity or T2 hyperintensity is an area of high intensity on types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain of a human or of another mammal that reflect lesions produced largely by demyelination and axonal loss.
High signal for paramagnetic substances, such as MRI contrast agents [2] Standard foundation and comparison for other sequences T2 weighted: T2: Measuring spin–spin relaxation by using long TR and TE times Higher signal for more water content [1] Low signal for fat in standard Spine Echo (SE), [1] though not with Fast Spin Echo/Turbo Spin ...
Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) vascular hyperintensity (FVH) is a radiographic marker seen on brain imaging in acute ischaemic stroke. FVH can be used as a proxy for slow leptomeningeal collateral blood flow, and may help reveal which areas of brain tissue are potentially salvageable.
ARIA-E refers to cerebral edema, involving the breakdown of the tight endothelial junctions of the blood-brain barrier and subsequent accumulation of fluid. [3] In a double-blind trial of the humanised monoclonal antibody solanezumab (n = 2042), sixteen patients (11 taking the drug, 5 taking a placebo), or 0.78% developed ARIA-E.
While some coincidental findings may lead to beneficial diagnoses, others may lead to overdiagnosis that results in unnecessary testing and treatment, sometimes called the "cascade effect". [1] Incidental findings are common in imaging. For instance, around 1 in every 3 cardiac MRIs result in an incidental finding. [2]
The presence of incidental MRI findings in the CNS white matter: Ovoid and well-circumscribed homogeneous foci, with or without involvement of the corpus callosum; T2 hyperintensities larger than 3 mm in diameter, which fulfill at least 3 of the 4 Barkhof MRI criteria [7] for DIS; The CNS abnormalities are not consistent with a vascular condition