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Though any number of quantization levels is possible, common word lengths are 8-bit (256 levels), 16-bit (65,536 levels) and 24-bit (16.8 million levels). Quantizing a sequence of numbers produces a sequence of quantization errors which is sometimes modeled as an additive random signal called quantization noise because of its stochastic ...
Digitization transforms continuous signals into discrete ones by sampling a signal's amplitude at uniform intervals and rounding to the nearest value representable with the available number of bits. This process is fundamentally inexact, and involves two errors: discretization error, from sampling at intervals, and quantization error, from ...
In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of "samples". A sample is a value of the signal at a point in time and/or space; this definition differs from the term's usage in statistics, which refers to a set of such values ...
Linear PCM (LPCM) is PCM with linear quantization. [5] Differential PCM (DPCM) encodes the PCM values as differences between the current and the predicted value. An algorithm predicts the next sample based on the previous samples, and the encoder stores only the difference between this prediction and the actual value.
This factor multiplies the sampling interval or, equivalently, divides the sampling rate. For example, if compact disc audio at 44,100 samples/second is decimated by a factor of 5/4, the resulting sample rate is 35,280. A system component that performs decimation is called a decimator. Decimation by an integer factor is also called compression ...
A PCM signal is a sequence of digital audio samples containing the data providing the necessary information to reconstruct the original analog signal.Each sample represents the amplitude of the signal at a specific point in time, and the samples are uniformly spaced in time.
Categorization for signal modulation based on data and carrier types. In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a separate signal called the modulation signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. [1]
Rather than quantizing the value of the input analog waveform, delta modulation quantizes the difference between the input signal and the integral of all previous quantization steps. This quantized signal effectively represents the derivative of the input signal, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] so the original signal is recovered by integration, as shown in the ...