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The Polish logician Alfred Tarski identified three features of an adequate characterization of entailment: (1) The logical consequence relation relies on the logical form of the sentences: (2) The relation is a priori, i.e., it can be determined with or without regard to empirical evidence (sense experience); and (3) The logical consequence ...
In philosophy and logic, the classical liar paradox or liar's paradox or antinomy of the liar is the statement of a liar that they are lying: for instance, declaring that "I am lying". If the liar is indeed lying, then the liar is telling the truth, which means the liar just lied.
Images of Kant and Constant. "On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives" (sometimes translated On a Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns) (German: Über ein vermeintes Recht aus Menschenliebe zu lügen) is a 1797 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant in which the author discusses radical honesty.
These sentences (1 and 2, etc.) have come to be called the "T-sentences". The reason they look trivial is that the object language and the metalanguage are both English; here is an example where the object language is German and the metalanguage is English: (3) 'Schnee ist weiß' is true if and only if snow is white.
See semantic consequence and syntactic consequence. logical constant A symbol in logic that has the same meaning in all interpretations, such as connectives and quantifiers, as opposed to variables whose interpretations can vary. logical equivalence
Persuasive definition – purporting to use the "true" or "commonly accepted" meaning of a term while, in reality, using an uncommon or altered definition. (cf. the if-by-whiskey fallacy) Ecological fallacy – inferring about the nature of an entity based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which that entity belongs.
Belief bias, an effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion. [ 88 ] Illusory truth effect , the tendency to believe that a statement is true if it is easier to process , or if it has been stated multiple times , regardless of its actual veracity.
A logic translation is a translation of a text into a logical system. For example, translating the sentence "all skyscrapers are tall" as ∀ x ( S ( x ) → T ( x ) ) {\displaystyle \forall x(S(x)\to T(x))} is a logic translation that expresses an English language sentence in the logical system known as first-order logic .