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The heat dissipation in integrated circuits problem has gained an increasing interest in recent years due to the miniaturization of semiconductor devices. The temperature increase becomes relevant for cases of relatively small-cross-sections wires, because such temperature increase may affect the normal behavior of semiconductor devices.
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. [1] A thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different temperature on each side.
Junction temperature, short for transistor junction temperature, [1] is the highest operating temperature of the actual semiconductor in an electronic device. In operation, it is higher than case temperature and the temperature of the part's exterior.
A semiconductor is a material that is between the conductor and insulator in ability to conduct electrical current. [1] In many cases their conducting properties may be altered in useful ways by introducing impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure.
The Seebeck coefficient (also known as thermopower, [1] thermoelectric power, and thermoelectric sensitivity) of a material is a measure of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature difference across that material, as induced by the Seebeck effect. [2]
The typical efficiency of TEGs is around 5–8%, although it can be higher. Older devices used bimetallic junctions and were bulky. More recent devices use highly doped semiconductors made from bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3), lead telluride (PbTe), [10] calcium manganese oxide (Ca 2 Mn 3 O 8), [11] [12] or combinations thereof, [13] depending on application temperature.
A temperature coefficient describes the relative change of a ... This effect is governed by an Arrhenius ... increasing the conductivity of the semiconductor. The ...
In such cells, the hot electron effect is the reason that a portion of the light energy is lost to heat rather than converted to electricity. [4] Hot electrons arise generically at low temperatures even in degenerate semiconductors or metals. [5] There are a number of models to describe the hot-electron effect. [6]