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A mathematical proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement, ... Pólya, G. (1954), Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning, Princeton University Press, ...
The Handbook of Mathematical Logic [1] in 1977 makes a rough division of contemporary mathematical logic into four areas: . set theory; model theory; recursion theory, and; proof theory and constructive mathematics (considered as parts of a single area).
In mathematics and logic, a direct proof is a way of showing the truth or falsehood of a given statement by a straightforward combination of established facts, usually axioms, existing lemmas and theorems, without making any further assumptions. [1]
Automated theorem proving (also known as ATP or automated deduction) is a subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs. Automated reasoning over mathematical proof was a major motivating factor for the development of computer science.
The mathematical method examines infinitely many cases to prove a general statement, but it does so by a finite chain of deductive reasoning involving the variable, which can take infinitely many values. The result is a rigorous proof of the statement, not an assertion of its probability.
In logic, proof by contradiction is a form of proof that establishes the truth or the validity of a proposition by showing that assuming the proposition to be false leads to a contradiction. Although it is quite freely used in mathematical proofs, not every school of mathematical thought accepts this kind of nonconstructive proof as universally ...
Consequently, proof theory is syntactic in nature, in contrast to model theory, which is semantic in nature. Some of the major areas of proof theory include structural proof theory, ordinal analysis, provability logic, reverse mathematics, proof mining, automated theorem proving, and proof complexity. Much research also focuses on applications ...
A method of mathematical proof used to establish the truth of an infinite number of cases, based on a base case and an inductive step. proof theory The branch of mathematical logic that studies the structure and properties of mathematical proofs, aiming to understand and formalize the process of mathematical reasoning. proof-theoretic consequence