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The temperature of liquid nitrogen can readily be reduced to its freezing point −210 °C (−346 °F; 63 K) by placing it in a vacuum chamber pumped by a vacuum pump. [2] Liquid nitrogen's efficiency as a coolant is limited by the fact that it boils immediately on contact with a warmer object, enveloping the object in an insulating layer of ...
Boiling point (°C) K b (°C⋅kg/mol) Freezing point (°C) K f (°C⋅kg/mol) Data source; Aniline: 184.3 3.69 –5.96 –5.87 K b & K f [1] Lauric acid: 298.9 44 ...
This rapid freezing is done by submerging the sample in liquid nitrogen or a mixture of dry ice and ethanol. [6] American inventor Clarence Birdseye developed the "quick-freezing" process of food preservation in the 20th century using a cryogenic process. [7] In practice, a mechanical freezing process is usually used due to cost instead.
For this purpose, plunging a specimen into liquid nitrogen at its boiling point (−196 °C) [4] does not always freeze the specimen fast enough, for several reasons. First, the liquid nitrogen boils rapidly around the specimen forming a film of insulating N 2 gas that slows heat transfer to the cryogenic liquid, known as the Leidenfrost effect.
[2] [3] Dry ice sublimes at −78 °C, while liquid nitrogen is used for colder baths. As water or ethylene glycol freeze out of the mixture, the concentration of ethanol/methanol increases. This leads to a new, lower freezing point.
Liquid nitrogen, a colourless fluid resembling water in appearance, but with 80.8% of the density (the density of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point is 0.808 g/mL), is a common cryogen. [50] Solid nitrogen has many crystalline modifications.
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Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...