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Cotyledon from a Judas-tree (Cercis siliquastrum, a dicot) seedling Comparison of a monocot and dicot sprouting. The visible part of the monocot plant (left) is actually the first true leaf produced from the meristem; the cotyledon itself remains within the seed Schematic of epigeal vs hypogeal germination Peanut seeds split in half, showing the embryos with cotyledons and primordial root Two ...
0: Germination 00: Dry seed 01: Beginning of seed imbibition 03: Seed imbibition complete 05: Radicle emerged from seed 07: Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat 09: Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface 1: Leaf development (Main shoot) 10: Cotyledons completely unfolded; growing point or true leaf initial visible 11
0: Germination 00: Dry seed 01: Beginning of seed imbibition 03: Seed imbibition complete 05: Radicle emerged from seed 07: Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat 09: Emergence: cotyledons break through soil surface 1: Leaf development (Main shoot) 10: Cotyledons completely unfolded; growing point or true leaf initial visible 11
In most seeds, for example the sunflower, the plumule is a small conical structure without any leaf structure. Growth of the plumule does not occur until the cotyledons have grown above ground. This is epigeal germination. However, in seeds such as the broad bean, a leaf structure is visible on the plumule in the seed. These seeds develop by ...
As the plant embryo grows at germination, it sends out a shoot called a radicle that becomes the primary root, and then penetrates down into the soil.After emergence of the radicle, the hypocotyl emerges and lifts the growing tip (usually including the seed coat) above the ground, bearing the embryonic leaves (called cotyledons), and the plumule that gives rise to the first true leaves.
Normally, the cotyledon is fleshy, and contains many nutrients that are used for germination. Because the cotyledon stays below the ground, it is much less vulnerable to, for example, night-frost [1] or grazing. The evolutionary strategy is that the plant produces a relatively low number of seeds, but each seed has a bigger chance of surviving.
A common misconception is that the epicotyl, being closer to the apex of the plant, is the first part to emerge after germination - rather, the hypocotyl, the region of the stem between the point of attachment of the cotyledons and the root - forms a hook during hypogeal germination and pushes out of the soil, allowing the more delicate tissues ...
Epigeal germination implies that the cotyledons are pushed above ground. The hypocotyl elongates while the epicotyl remains the same in length. In this way, the hypocotyl pushes the cotyledon upward. Normally, the cotyledon itself contains very few nutrients in plants that show this kind of germination.