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In computer programming, bounds checking is any method of detecting whether a variable is within some bounds before it is used. It is usually used to ensure that a number fits into a given type (range checking), or that a variable being used as an array index is within the bounds of the array (index checking).
Given an integer n, choose some integer a coprime to n and calculate a n − 1 modulo n. If the result is different from 1, then n is composite. If it is 1, then n may be prime. If a n −1 (modulo n) is 1 but n is not prime, then n is called a pseudoprime to base a. In practice, if a n −1 (modulo n) is 1, then n is usually prime.
A natural number is a sociable Dudeney root if it is a periodic point for ,, where , = for a positive integer , and forms a cycle of period . A Dudeney root is a sociable Dudeney root with k = 1 {\displaystyle k=1} , and a amicable Dudeney root is a sociable Dudeney root with k = 2 {\displaystyle k=2} .
In mathematics, integer factorization is the decomposition of a positive integer into a product of integers. Every positive integer greater than 1 is either the product of two or more integer factors greater than 1, in which case it is a composite number, or it is not, in which case it is a prime number.
n - the number of input integers. If n is a small fixed number, then an exhaustive search for the solution is practical. L - the precision of the problem, stated as the number of binary place values that it takes to state the problem. If L is a small fixed number, then there are dynamic programming algorithms that can solve it exactly.
The check digit is computed as follows: Drop the check digit from the number (if it's already present). This leaves the payload. Start with the payload digits. Moving from right to left, double every second digit, starting from the last digit. If doubling a digit results in a value > 9, subtract 9 from it (or sum its digits).
and // performs integer division or floor division, returning the floor of the quotient as an integer. In Python 2 (and most other programming languages), unless explicitly requested, x / y performed integer division, returning a float only if either input was a float.
Python, from version 2.3 forward, has a bool type which is a subclass of int, the standard integer type. [10] It has two possible values: True and False, which are special versions of 1 and 0 respectively and behave as such in arithmetic contexts.