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Synkinesis is a neurological symptom in which a voluntary muscle movement causes the simultaneous involuntary contraction of other muscles. An example might be smiling inducing an involuntary contraction of the eye muscles , causing a person to squint when smiling.
Marcus Gunn phenomenon is an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance, in which nursing infants will have rhythmic upward jerking of their upper eyelid.This condition is characterized as a synkinesis: when two or more muscles that are independently innervated have either simultaneous or coordinated movements.
Neurological soft signs (NSS) are a group of minor non-focal neurological signs that include synkinesis. [3] Other soft signs including clumsiness, and loss of fine motor movement are also commonly found in schizophrenia. [4] NSS likely reflect impairments in sensory integration, motor coordination, and the carrying out of complex motor tasks. [3]
The specific molecular mechanism that underpins this movement disorder is not well known. [2] However, most researchers suggest that it follows an autosomal dominant genetic inheritance pattern in which mutations in certain genes give rise to structural abnormalities in nervous system networks responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle movement, which, in turn, result in the functional movement ...
Involuntary extension of the "normal" leg occurs when flexing the contralateral leg against resistance. To perform the test, the examiner should hold one hand under the heel of the "normal" limb and ask the patient to flex the contralateral hip against resistance (while the patient is supine), asking the patient to keep the weak leg straight while raising it.
A single limb is the most frequently affected area; however it is possible for an attack to affect more than one limb. When more than one limb is affected, the two limbs are usually unilateral (same side), even though cases of bilateral (opposite sides) symptoms have also been observed. [ 3 ]
Age was found to be related to changes in interlimb coordination such as the correlation between limb positions or between limb velocities. Changes and improvements in interlimb coordination by age are recognized to be a major phenomenon in the development of gross motor skills in infants.
Paroxysmal nocturnal limb movement G25.80 Painful legs (or arms), moving toes (or fingers) syndrome G25.81 Sporadic restless leg syndrome: G25.82 Familial restless leg syndrome G25.83 Stiff-person syndrome: 333.91 G25.84 Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements) G25.85 Hemiballismus (affecting only one side of the body) G25.85