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Consumer behavior models – practical models used by marketers. They typically blend both economic and psychological models. They typically blend both economic and psychological models. In an early study of the buyer decision process literature, Frank Nicosia (Nicosia, F. 1966; pp 9–21) identified three types of buyer decision-making models.
Traditional models of consumer behaviour were developed by scholars such as Fishbein and Ajzen [163] and Howard and Sheth [164] in the 1960s and 70s. More recently, Shun and Yunjie have argued that online consumer behaviour is different to offline behaviour and as a consequence requires new theories or models. [165]
Furthermore, the traditional funnel model has been criticized for its limited focus on post-sale customer experience, which can hinder the development of brand loyalty and advocacy. [17] In response to these criticisms, several alternative models have been proposed to better align with contemporary consumer behavior:
Consumer behavior researchers have identified many frameworks, methodologies, and heuristics consumers often use to form a consideration set. It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, and that the formation of the consideration set varies significantly depending on the consumer and context of the decision. [5]
Indeed many alternative models exist in econometrics, marketing, sociometrics and other fields, including utility maximization, optimization applied to consumer theory, and a plethora of other identification strategies which may be more or less accurate depending on the data, sample, hypothesis and the particular decision being modelled.
The AIDA marketing model is a model within the class known as hierarchy of effects models or hierarchical models, all of which imply that consumers move through a series of steps or stages when they make purchase decisions. These models are linear, sequential models built on an assumption that consumers move through a series of cognitive ...
Behavior change in consumption is a guiding principle for sustainable development policy. However, switching unsustainable consumer behaviors to sustainable ones is far from straightforward. Individual behaviors are rooted in social and institutional contexts. We are influenced by what others around us say and do and by institutional rules.
The 4 Ps, in its modern form, was first proposed in 1960 by E. Jerome McCarthy, who presented them within a managerial approach that covered analysis, consumer behavior, market research, market segmentation, and planning. [17] Phillip Kotler popularised this approach and helped spread the 4 Ps model.