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In vertebrates, the nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The primary effect of leptins is in the hypothalamus, a part of the central nervous system. Leptin receptors are expressed not only in the hypothalamus but also in other brain regions, particularly in the ...
Leptin, a hormone secreted exclusively by adipose cells in response to an increase in body fat mass, is an important component in the regulation of long term hunger and food intake. Leptin serves as the brain's indicator of the body's total energy stores. When leptin levels rise in the bloodstream they bind to receptors in ARC. The functions of ...
The melanocortin system is a critical regulator of energy balance, in both feeding behaviors and energy expenditure, [1] as well as peripheral tissues such as skin and hair. [2] This system is a principal nexus of body weight regulation through its role in appetite and energy expenditure via leptin, ghrelin and agouti-related protein.
Advanced neuroimaging techniques have allowed researchers to map the brain circuits involved in hunger and satiety, revealing a complex network that integrates signals from the digestive system, adipose tissue, and various brain regions. This neural control system extends far beyond the simple reflex arc suggested by the original experiment.
For example, the work of Rudolph Leibel at Columbia University shows that, in both obese and lean individuals, leptin injections do not reduce body mass. The finding that both lean and obese subjects have a similar lack of response underscores the notion that the brain is not designed to respond to increased leptin by decreasing food intake ...
The main dopaminergic pathways of the human brain. Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control. [1]
As for the orgasm connection, oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus (i.e., the control center of the brain), which is yet another region activated—both in the posterior and anterior—during ...
Invertebrate model organisms do not have the same brain regions as vertebrates, but their brains must solve similar computational issues and thus are thought to have brain regions homologous to those involved in motor control in the vertebrate nervous system, [19] The organization of arthropod nervous systems into ganglia that control each leg ...