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The size of commercially available capacitors ranges from around 0.1 pF to 5 000 F (5 kF) supercapacitors. Parasitic capacitance in high-performance integrated circuits can be measured in femtofarads (1 fF = 0.001 pF = 10 −15 F), while high-performance test equipment can detect changes in capacitance on the order of tens of attofarads (1 aF ...
An electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization.This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor.
Comparing the capacitors from the table with a supercapacitor, the highest energy density capacitor family. For this, the capacitor 25 F/2.3 V in dimensions D × H = 16 mm × 26 mm from Maxwell HC Series, compared with the electrolytic capacitor of approximately equal size in the table.
It is assumed the gap is much smaller than the dimensions of the plates. This model applies well to many practical capacitors which are constructed of metal sheets separated by a thin layer of insulating dielectric, since manufacturers try to keep the dielectric very uniform in thickness to avoid thin spots which can cause failure of the capacitor.
The equation is a good approximation if d is small compared to the other dimensions of the plates so that the electric field in the capacitor area is uniform, and the so-called fringing field around the periphery provides only a small contribution to the capacitance.
For example, for low voltage types a 10 V electrolytic capacitor has a dielectric thickness of only about 0.014 μm, a 100 V electrolytic capacitor of only about 0.14 μm. Thus, the dielectric strength also influences the size of the capacitor.