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Once equilibrium is reached, the pH and bicarbonate concentration are measured and plotted on a chart as in Fig. 3. Next, the P CO 2 in the chamber is held constant while the pH of the blood sample is changed, first by adding a strong acid, then by adding a strong base. As pH is varied, a titration curve for the sample is produced (Fig. 4).
The strength of a strong acid is limited ("leveled") by the basicity of the solvent. Similarly the strength of a strong base is leveled by the acidity of the solvent. When a strong acid is dissolved in water, it reacts with it to form hydronium ion (H 3 O +). [2] An example of this would be the following reaction, where "HA" is the strong acid:
An acid-base diagram for human plasma, showing the effects on the plasma pH when P CO 2 in mmHg or Standard Base Excess (SBE) occur in excess or are deficient in the plasma [23] Acid–base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.32 to 7.42 [16]).
Acid–base imbalance is an abnormality of the human body's normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45). In the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45; umbilical artery pH is normally 7.18 to 7.38). [1]
[1] [2] The delta ratio is a formula that can be used to assess elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis and to evaluate whether mixed acid base disorder (metabolic acidosis) is present. The list of agents that cause high anion gap metabolic acidosis is similar to but broader than the list of agents that cause a serum osmolal gap .
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Base excess is defined as the amount of strong acid that must be added to each liter of fully oxygenated blood to return the pH to 7.40 at a temperature of 37°C and a pCO 2 of 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa). [2] A base deficit (i.e., a negative base excess) can be correspondingly defined by the amount of strong base that must be added.