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The autophagy-inducible Beclin-1 complex [61] contains the proteins PIK3R4(p150), Atg14L and the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI(3)K) Vps34. [62] The active ULK and Beclin-1 complexes re-localize to the site of autophagosome initiation, the phagophore, where they both contribute to the activation of downstream autophagy ...
It is the key structure in macroautophagy, the intracellular degradation system for cytoplasmic contents (e.g., abnormal intracellular proteins, excess or damaged organelles, invading microorganisms). After formation, autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic components to the lysosomes.
The cytoplasm and vacuole of cells are two very important organelles, designed to carry out many biological cell functions. The cytoplasm of a cell fills the interior spaces of a cell and is responsible for holding organelles in place, protecting the cell and is where many biochemical interactions occur-including transport, and protein folding. [1]
In micro autophagy, the lysosome or vacuole engulfs a piece of the cytoplasm by invaginating or protruding the lysosomal membrane to enclose the cytosol or organelles. The chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) protein quality assurance by digesting oxidized and altered proteins under stressful circumstances and supplying amino acids through ...
The omegasome is a cell organelle consisting of lipid bilayer membranes enriched for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (abbreviated PI(3)P or PtdIns3P), and related to a process of autophagy. [1] It is a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), [2] and has a morphology resembling the Greek capital letter Omega (Ω).
Autophagy-related protein 101 also known as ATG101 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C12orf44 gene (chromosome 12 open reading frame 44). [5]Autophagy is the process of sequestering target proteins, organelles, aggregates, and other cytoplasmic species inside large membrane-bound vesicles and delivering them to lysosomes for degradation.
Atg8 is one of the key molecular components involved in autophagy, the cellular process mediating the lysosome/vacuole-dependent turnover of macromolecules and organelles. [5] Autophagy is induced upon nutrient depletion or rapamycin treatment and leads to the response of more than 30 autophagy-related (ATG) genes known so far, including ATG8.
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATG5 gene located on chromosome 6. It is an E3 ubi autophagic cell death . ATG5 is a key protein involved in the extension of the phagophoric membrane in autophagic vesicles.