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Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time, and tropos, "a turn") are those that change the heart rate. Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate and rhythm by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart and the nerves that influence it , such as by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node .
The class of CCBs known as dihydropyridines mainly affect arterial vascular smooth muscle and lower blood pressure by causing vasodilation. The phenylalkylamine class of CCBs mainly affect the cells of the heart and have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects. The benzothiazepine class of CCBs combine effects of the other two classes.
The term inotropic state is most commonly used in reference to various drugs that affect the strength of contraction of heart muscle. However, it can also refer to pathological conditions. For example, enlarged heart muscle can increase inotropic state, whereas dead heart muscle can decrease it.
Beta-blockade of the β 1 receptor will inhibit cAMP from phosphorylating, and it will decrease the ionotrophic and chronotropic effect. Note that drugs may be cardioselective, or act on β 1 receptors in the heart only, but still have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Acebutolol (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, ISA) [80] Atenolol [80 ...
It is important to note that certain medications, such as Milrinone and Digoxin, possess overlapping classifications due to their ability to engage multiple mechanisms of action. Their inotropic properties make cardiactonic agents critical in addressing inadequate perfusion , and acute heart failure conditions including cardiogenic shock , as ...
Antidepressants are a class of medications used very commonly to treat depression. In fact, nearly 13 percent of people 12 and over in the U.S. used antidepressants in 2017, according to the ...
Side effects occurring less than 1% of the time include: blood disorders, impotence, depression, peripheral neuropathy, insomnia, tachycardia, gingival enlargement, hepatitis, and jaundice. [7] [32] [33] Amlodipine-associated gingival overgrowth is a relatively common side effect with exposure to amlodipine. [34]
As interest in taking glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 agonist) medications, such as Zepbound and Wegovy, for weight loss, research continues to examine potential new side effects ...