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Titanite, or sphene (from Ancient Greek σφηνώ (sphēnṓ) 'wedge'), [5] is a calcium titanium nesosilicate mineral, Ca Ti Si O 5. Trace impurities of iron and aluminium are typically present. Also commonly present are rare earth metals including cerium and yttrium ; calcium may be partly replaced by thorium .
Topaz on matrix from Dassu in Gilgit Baltistan Brookite and Quartz mineral from Balochistan. Gemstones, also known as semi-precious stones or gems, are minerals widely used in jewelry and for ornamental purposes. Northern and western regions of Pakistan are rich in high quality gemstones.
Other minerals that can be used alongside the ZTR index are garnet, magnetite, sphene, and other minerals from local provenance sources. The ZTR index is commonly high in beach or littoral zone depositional environments due to the long transport distances from the source and the high energy of the environment.
Common titanium-containing minerals are anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, and titanite (sphene). [27] Akaogiite is an extremely rare mineral consisting of titanium dioxide. Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations.
Mineral symbols (text abbreviations) are used to abbreviate mineral groups, subgroups, and species, just as lettered symbols are used for the chemical elements. The first set of commonly used mineral symbols was published in 1983 and covered the common rock-forming minerals using 192 two- or three-lettered symbols. [ 1 ]
These include peridot, aquamarine, topaz, ruby, emerald, rare-earth minerals bastnaesite and xenotime, sphene, tourmaline, and many varieties and types of quartz. [1] The Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation is the responsible authority for the support and development of the mining industry. The Gemstones Corporation of Pakistan looks after ...
A large variety of minerals and gemstones are found in these mountains: emerald and tourmaline are found in the north, and garnet and quartz are found in the Bajaur and South Waziristan agencies. Department of Minerals is the government department working for the exploration and development of the mining industry in the region.
A related mineral wollastonite has the formula of the hypothetical calcium end member (Ca 2 Si 2 O 6) but important structural differences mean that it is instead classified as a pyroxenoid. Magnesium, calcium and iron are by no means the only cations that can occupy the X and Y sites in the pyroxene structure.