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[4]: 114 A DataFrame is a 2-dimensional data structure of rows and columns, similar to a spreadsheet, and analogous to a Python dictionary mapping column names (keys) to Series (values), with each Series sharing an index. [4]: 115 DataFrames can be concatenated together or "merged" on columns or indices in a manner similar to joins in SQL.
Given a function that accepts an array, a range query (,) on an array = [,..,] takes two indices and and returns the result of when applied to the subarray [, …,].For example, for a function that returns the sum of all values in an array, the range query (,) returns the sum of all values in the range [,].
In a category with a terminal object 1, binary coproducts (denoted by +), and binary products (denoted by ×), a list object over A can be defined as the initial algebra of the endofunctor that acts on objects by X ↦ 1 + (A × X) and on arrows by f ↦ [id 1,〈id A, f〉].
A number of systems have the concept of a "canonical NaN", where one specific NaN value is chosen to be the only possible qNaN generated by floating-point operations not having a NaN input. The value is usually chosen to be a quiet NaN with an all-zero payload and an arbitrarily-defined sign bit.
It is based on Stochastic Neighbor Embedding originally developed by Geoffrey Hinton and Sam Roweis, [1] where Laurens van der Maaten and Hinton proposed the t-distributed variant. [2] It is a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique for embedding high-dimensional data for visualization in a low-dimensional space of two or three dimensions ...
In C#, a class is a reference type while a struct (concept derived from the struct in C language) is a value type. [5] Hence an instance derived from a class definition is an object while an instance derived from a struct definition is said to be a value object (to be precise a struct can be made immutable to represent a value object declaring attributes as readonly [6]).
If we have a vector containing elements (2, 5, 7, 3, 8, 6, 4, 1), and want to create an array slice from the 3rd to the 6th elements, we get (7, 3, 8, 6). In programming languages that use a 0-based indexing scheme, the slice would be from index 2 to 5. Reducing the range of any index to a single value effectively removes the need for that index.
Suppose we want to encode the message "AABA<EOM>", where <EOM> is the end-of-message symbol. For this example it is assumed that the decoder knows that we intend to encode exactly five symbols in the base 10 number system (allowing for 10 5 different combinations of symbols with the range [0, 100000)) using the probability distribution {A: .60; B: .20; <EOM>: .20}.