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This would be $1000 constant capital plus $100 variable capital plus $200 surplus value. The $200 surplus value was added solely by the activity of the worker - of the $1100 investment, only the $100 variable capital expanded. The $1000 constant capital was transferred from the materials and components to the product and thus produced no new value.
Social reproduction describes the reproduction of social structures and systems, mainly on the basis of particular preconditions in demographics, education and inheritance of material property or legal titles (as earlier with aristocracy). Reproduction is understood as the maintenance and continuation of existing social relations.
It is possible to have multiple independent variables or multiple dependent variables. For instance, in multivariable calculus, one often encounters functions of the form z = f(x,y), where z is a dependent variable and x and y are independent variables. [8] Functions with multiple outputs are often referred to as vector-valued functions.
The variable capital actually tied up by an enterprise at any point in time will usually be less than the annual flow value, because wages can in part be paid out of revenues received from ongoing product sales. Thus, the capital reserves held by an enterprise for paying wages may, at any time, be only 1/10 or so of their annual flow value.
In an economic model, an exogenous variable is one whose measure is determined outside the model and is imposed on the model, and an exogenous change is a change in an exogenous variable. [1]: p. 8 [2]: p. 202 [3]: p. 8 In contrast, an endogenous variable is a variable whose measure is determined by the model. An endogenous change is a change ...
Social capital is a concept used in sociology and economics to define networks of relationships which are productive towards advancing the goals of individuals and groups. [1] [2] It involves the effective functioning of social groups through interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity.
Return on capital employed (ROCE) Return on capital (RoC) Return on equity (ROE) Return on invested capital (RoIC) Return on Investment + cost of Living(ROIL) (Frequently used for small businesses.) Return on marketing investment (ROMI) is "the contribution attributable to marketing (net of marketing spending), divided by the marketing ...
At its core, impact investing is about an alignment of an investor's beliefs and values with the allocation of capital to address social and/or environmental issues. Impact investors actively seek to place capital in businesses, nonprofits , and funds in industries such as renewable energy , [ 2 ] housing, healthcare, education, microfinance ...