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Penates, although also domestic guardian spirits, were more specifically protectors of the master of the household and his immediate family. The Lar Familiaris, on the other hand, protected all household members, free or slave, and was associated with a particular place. If a family moved out, their Penates went with them, but the Lar stayed.
Lares Praestites: Lares of the city of Rome, later of the Roman state or community; literally, the "Lares who stand before", as guardians or watchmen – they were housed in the state Regia, near the temple of Vesta, with whose worship and sacred hearth they were associated; they seem to have protected Rome from malicious or destructive fire ...
In 392 AD with the final victory of Christianity Theodosius I declared the veneration of the genii, Lares and Penates to be treason, ending their official terms. [16] The concept, however, continued in representation and speech under different names or with accepted modifications.
Each Roman home had a set of protective deities: the Lar or Lares of the household or familia, whose shrine was a lararium; the Penates who guarded the storeroom (penus) of the innermost part of the house; Vesta, whose sacred site in each house was the hearth; and the Genius of the paterfamilias, the head of household. [18]
O: Two jugate heads of Di Penates Publici D · P · P R: Soldiers with spears pointing at lying sow C·SV(LP)ICI·C·F Reverse depicts scene from Aeneid.According to the prophecy, in the place where a white sow casts 30 piglets under an oak tree, a new city shall be built (); also, a new city called after the white sow shall be built by Ascanius 30 years later ().
The domestic responsibilities of the pater familias included his priestly duties (sacra familiae) to his "household gods" (the Lares and Penates) and the ancestral gods of his own gens. [9] The latter were represented by the di parentes as ancestral shades of the departed, and by the genius cult.
The theologian St. Augustine, writing about the subject a few centuries after most of the Latin pagan references to such spirits, differentiated Manes from other types of Roman spirits: Apuleius "says, indeed, that the souls of men are demons, and that men become Lares if they are good, Lemures or Larvae if they are bad, and Manes if it is ...
He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. [65] His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines (lararia) and ...