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Its society was governed by an emperor who shared power with an official bureaucracy and semi-feudal nobility. Its laws , customs , literature , and education were largely guided by the philosophy and ethical system of Confucianism , yet the influence of Legalism and Daoism (from the previous Zhou dynasty ) could still be seen.
In rejecting wholesale Westernization the essay “demands a place for Chinese cultural values on the world stage.” [4] The essay declares a new, proper manner in which to pursue the study of Sinology and explains Chinese culture from an experience viewpoint instead of an academic one.
The culture of the Ming dynasty was deeply rooted in traditional Chinese values, but also saw a flourishing of fine arts, literature, and philosophy in the late 15th century. During this time, the government played a stronger role in shaping culture, requiring the use of Zhu Xi 's interpretation of Neo-Confucianism in civil service examinations ...
Ch'u T'ung-tsu. "Chinese Class Structure and its Ideology" in Chinese Thought and Institutions, ed. J. K. Fairbank, 1957, online pp 235–250. Duara, Prasenjit, State Involution: A Study of Local Finances in North China, 1911-1935, in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 29#1 (1987), pp. 132–161, JSTOR 178784
Sinocentrism refers to a worldview that China is the cultural, political, or economic center of the world. [1] Sinocentrism was a core concept in various Chinese dynasties. The Chinese considered themselves to be "all-under-Heaven", ruled by the emperor, known as Son of Heaven. Those that lived outside of the Huaxia were regarded as "barbarians".
kekku (結句) is ' ketsu (結) ': conclusion, though 結 can also mean result, consequence, outcome, effect, coming to fruition, bearing fruit, etc. In a story, the following might happen: Introduction (ki): an introduction to the characters, era, and other information required to understand the plot.
The Huainanzi is an eclectic compilation of chapters or essays that range across topics of religion, history, astronomy, geography, philosophy, science, metaphysics, nature, and politics. It discusses many pre-Han schools of thought , especially the Huang–Lao form of religious Daoism, and contains more than 800 quotations from Chinese classics.
This was a major argument in favor of the eight-legged essay, arguing that it were better to eliminate creative art in favor of prosaic literacy. In the history of Chinese literature, the eight-legged essay is often accused by later Chinese critics to have caused China's "cultural stagnation and economic backwardness" in the 19th century. [1] [2]