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And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry (1988) excerpt and text search; Hogan, William T. Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States (5 vol 1971) monumental detail; Ingham, John N. The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874-1965 (1978) Krass, Peter. Carnegie (2002).
Iron ore, coke, and flux are fed into the blast furnace and heated. The coke reduces the iron oxide in the ore to metallic iron, and the molten mass separates into slag and iron. Some of the iron from the blast furnace is cooled, and marketed as pig iron; the rest flows into basic oxygen furnaces, where it is converted into steel.
In the years prior to the American Civil War existing organization of workers in the iron industry was established on the basis of independent local groups. The first local union of iron molders was formed in Philadelphia in 1833. [1] Similar unions were formed in Northeastern cities, although none of these unions lasted more than a few years. [1]
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
William McKinley Sr. (November 15, 1807 – November 24, 1892) was an American manufacturer. He was a pioneer of the iron industry in eastern Ohio as well as the father of President William McKinley. [3] He was born to James S. McKinley and Mary Rose in Pine Township, Mercer County, Pennsylvania, on November 15, 1807.
Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site is a National Historic Site about 10 miles (16 kilometers) northeast of Downtown Boston in Saugus, Massachusetts.It is the site of the first integrated ironworks in North America, founded by John Winthrop the Younger and in operation between 1646 and approximately 1670.
The plan, "Iron Dome for America," appears to emphasize countering high-end threats. Industry partners like RTX and Lockheed Martin have shown an interest in the project.
Labor relations in the iron and steel industry remained tense for much of the next decade. [6] Wages plunged during the Panic of 1857, and the steel industry was slow to recover. [6] On April 12, 1858, a group of puddlers met at a hotel bar on Diamond Street to form a labor union, which they called the "Iron City Forge of the Sons of Vulcan".