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Surface dyslexia is a type of dyslexia, or reading disorder. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] According to Marshall & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole due to the damage of the left parietal or temporal lobe .
Dyslexia does not affect general intelligence, but is often co-diagnosed with ADHD. [1] [2] There are at least three sub-types of dyslexia that have been recognized by researchers: orthographic, or surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia and mixed dyslexia where individuals exhibit symptoms of both orthographic and phonological dyslexia. [3]
Dyslexia that develops due to a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia is sometimes called "acquired dyslexia" [1] or alexia. [3] The underlying mechanisms of dyslexia result from differences within the brain's language processing. [3] Dyslexia is diagnosed through a series of tests of memory, vision, spelling, and reading skills. [4]
Surface dyslexics will read some irregular words correctly if they are high frequency words such as "have" and "some". [11] It has been postulated that surface dyslexics are able to read regular words by retrieving the pronunciation through semantic means. [12] Surface dyslexia is also semantically mediated, meaning that there is a relationship ...
Surface dyslexia is characterized by subjects who can read known words but who have trouble reading words that are irregular. [23] Phonological dyslexia is characterized by subjects who can read aloud both regular and irregular words but have difficulties with non-words and with connecting sounds to symbols, or with sounding out words.
Surface dyslexia - Difficulty with whole-word recognition and irregular word spelling. Orthographies and dyslexia - How dyslexia manifests in different writing systems. Deep dyslexia - Semantic errors in reading, often substituting related words. Acquired dyslexia (alexia) - Reading difficulties resulting from brain injury.
Pure alexia, also known as agnosic alexia or alexia without agraphia or pure word blindness, is one form of alexia which makes up "the peripheral dyslexia" group. [1] Individuals who have pure alexia have severe reading problems while other language-related skills such as naming, oral repetition, auditory comprehension or writing are typically ...
Deep dyslexia differs from other forms of central dyslexia (phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia) in that deep dyslexics have many more symptoms and these symptoms are generally more severe. [4] [16] [17] According to the "continuum" hypothesis, deep dyslexia is a more severe form of phonological dyslexia. [16] [17] [18]