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  2. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

    The mean and the standard deviation of a set of data are descriptive statistics usually reported together. In a certain sense, the standard deviation is a "natural" measure of statistical dispersion if the center of the data is measured about the mean. This is because the standard deviation from the mean is smaller than from any other point.

  3. Volatility (finance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)

    For any fund that evolves randomly with time, volatility is defined as the standard deviation of a sequence of random variables, each of which is the return of the fund over some corresponding sequence of (equally sized) times. Thus, "annualized" volatility σ annually is the standard deviation of an instrument's yearly logarithmic returns. [2]

  4. Tracking error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_error

    Under the assumption of normality of returns, an active risk of x per cent would mean that approximately 2/3 of the portfolio's active returns (one standard deviation from the mean) can be expected to fall between +x and -x per cent of the mean excess return and about 95% of the portfolio's active returns (two standard deviations from the mean) can be expected to fall between +2x and -2x per ...

  5. Sharpe ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe_ratio

    It is defined as the difference between the returns of the investment and the risk-free return, divided by the standard deviation of the investment returns. It represents the additional amount of return that an investor receives per unit of increase in risk. It was named after William F. Sharpe, [1] who developed it in 1966.

  6. Modern portfolio theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory

    The MPT is a mean-variance theory, and it compares the expected (mean) return of a portfolio with the standard deviation of the same portfolio. The image shows expected return on the vertical axis, and the standard deviation on the horizontal axis (volatility). Volatility is described by standard deviation and it serves as a measure of risk. [7]

  7. RiskMetrics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RiskMetrics

    The first widely used portfolio risk measure was the standard deviation of portfolio value, as described by Harry Markowitz. While comparatively easy to calculate, standard deviation is not an ideal risk measure since it penalizes profits as well as losses.

  8. Markowitz model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowitz_model

    σ M = standard deviation of the market portfolio σ P = standard deviation of portfolio (R M – I RF)/σ M is the slope of CML. (R M – I RF) is a measure of the risk premium, or the reward for holding risky portfolio instead of risk-free portfolio. σ M is the risk of the market portfolio. Therefore, the slope measures the reward per unit ...

  9. Risk measure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_measure

    The standard deviation is a deviation risk measure. To avoid any confusion, note that deviation risk measures, such as variance and standard deviation are sometimes called risk measures in different fields.