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Certain caterpillars eat plants that are toxic to both themselves and the parasite to cure themselves. [24] Drosophila melanogaster larvae also self-medicate with ethanol to treat parasitism. [25] D. melanogaster females lay their eggs in food containing toxic amounts of alcohol if they detect parasitoid wasps nearby. The alcohol protects them ...
Another family, the Pompilidae, is a specialist parasitoid of spiders. [10] Some wasps are even parasitoids of parasitoids; the eggs of Euceros are laid beside lepidopteran larvae and the wasp larvae feed temporarily on their haemolymph, but if a parasitoid emerges from the host, the hyperparasites continue their life cycle inside the ...
Within the Hymenoptera, parasitoidism evolved just once, and the many described [d] species of parasitoid wasps [27] represent the great majority of species in the order, barring those like the ants, bees, and Vespidae wasps that have secondarily lost the parasitoid habit. The parasitoid wasps include some 25,000 Ichneumonoidea, 22,000 ...
Most parasitoid wasps dispatch prey in some such hideous manner, including entombing their paralyzed bodies. This tiny ichneumon wasp (Enicospilus purgatus) is nocturnal, as are most of its quarry ...
They stand erect on the plant on which they hatched, and without any distinguishable preparation, jump about 10 mm from the leaf onto a foraging ant. [8] The larvae are external parasitoids of their hosts, [4] and are not noticed due to their acquisition of the host’s odor. [13] After the wasps are fully developed, they emerge in large numbers.
The life strategies of the species in this family vary greatly. There are both solitary and gregarious species, living outside (ectoparasitoid) or inside their prey (endoparasitoid), koinobionts and idiobionts, primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids and even predators that kill and consume the prey immediately; [3] they also include fig wasp genera.
While most plants are food themselves, carnivorous plants prey on small animals and insects for their diet. There are around 630 species of carnivorous plants in the world. Among those, the Venus ...
Torymidae is a family of wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Most species in this family are small with attractive metallic coloration, and females generally have long ovipositors. Many are parasitoids on gall-forming insects, and some are phytophagous (plant-eating) species, sometimes using the galls formed by other insects. Over 960 ...