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  2. Shale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale

    Shale is characterized by its tendency to split into thin layers less than one centimeter in thickness. This property is called fissility. [1] Shale is the most common sedimentary rock. [2] The term shale is sometimes applied more broadly, as essentially a synonym for mudrock, rather than in the narrower sense of clay-rich fissile mudrock. [3]

  3. Boring (earth) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_(earth)

    Soft formation rock bits are used in unconsolidated sands, clays, and soft limestones, etc. Medium formation bits are used in dolomites, limestones, and shale, while hard formation bits are used in hard shale, mudstones, granite, limestones and other hard and/or abrasive formations. Soft ground drilling can be undertaken using a rotary auger or ...

  4. Mudrock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrock

    Paleontologists can look at a specific area and determine salinity, water depth, water temperature, water turbidity, and sedimentation rates with the aid of type and abundance of fossils in mudrock One of the most famous mudrock formations is the Burgess Shale in Western Canada, which formed during the Cambrian. At this site, soft bodied ...

  5. Well drilling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_drilling

    There are three types of formations: soft, medium and hard. A soft formation includes unconsolidated sands, clays, soft limestones, red beds and shale. Medium formations include dolomites, limestones, and hard shale. Hard formations include hard shale, calcites, mudstones, cherty lime stones and hard and abrasive formations.

  6. Formation evaluation gamma ray - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_evaluation_gamma_ray

    The artificial formation simulate about twice the radioactivity of a shale, which generates 200 API units of gamma radiation. The detector crystal is affected by hydration and its response changes with time. Consequently, a secondary and a field calibration is achieved with a portable jig carrying a small radioactive source.

  7. Underground soft-rock mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_soft-rock_mining

    Underground soft-rock mining is a group of underground mining techniques used to extract coal, oil shale, potash, and other minerals or geological materials from sedimentary ("soft") rocks. [1] Because deposits in sedimentary rocks are commonly layered and relatively less hard , the mining methods used differ from those used to mine deposits in ...

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