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In 2016 metronidazole was listed by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. [42] Although some of the testing methods have been questioned, oral exposure has been shown to cause cancer in experimental animals and has also demonstrated some mutagenic effects in bacterial cultures.
Possible side effects of doxycycline include gastrointestinal issues and irritation in the esophagus. [27] Metronidazole is less effective, but is available in a gel and can be applied twice daily. For pediatric patients, metronidazole can be used as an alternative to tetracycline. Metronidazole comes in various concentrations ranging from 0.75 ...
A study into the effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil, on benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms persisting after withdrawal was carried out by Lader and Morton. Study subjects had been benzodiazepine-free for between one month and five years, but all reported persisting withdrawal effects to varying degrees.
Xerostomia itself has many possible causes, but commonly the cause may be side effects of medications, or conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome. Conversely, conditions which cause drooling or sialorrhoea (excessive salivation) can cause angular cheilitis by creating a constant wet environment in the corners of the mouth.
Ocular effects: Topical steroid drops are frequently used after eye surgery but can also raise intraocular pressure (IOP) and increase the risk of glaucoma, cataract, retinopathy as well as systemic adverse effects. [14] Tachyphylaxis: The acute development of tolerance to the action of a drug after repeated doses. [15]
Diclofenac, sold under the brand name Voltaren among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout. [6] [9] It can be taken orally (swallowed by mouth), inserted rectally as a suppository, injected intramuscularly, injected intravenously, applied to the skin topically, or through eye drops.
It binds to α 1 and α 2 adrenergic receptors [11] in the nasal mucosa. Due to its sympathomimetic effects, it should not be used by people with high blood pressure , or other heart problems. Extended usage of xylometazoline can result in decreased effectiveness or a buildup of tolerance against the drug. [ 12 ]
[1] Common side effects when applied to the skin include burning, itching, and a rash. [1] Common side effects when taken by mouth include vomiting and diarrhea. [1] During pregnancy use in the vagina is safe while other formulations have not been studied in this group. [1] It works by disrupting the cell membrane of the fungal cells. [1]