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In the category of sets, the coequalizer of two functions f, g : X → Y is the quotient of Y by the smallest equivalence relation ~ such that for every x ∈ X, we have f(x) ~ g(x). [1] In particular, if R is an equivalence relation on a set Y, and r 1, r 2 are the natural projections (R ⊂ Y × Y) → Y then the coequalizer of r 1 and r 2 is ...
In algebraic geometry, a geometric quotient of an algebraic variety X with the action of an algebraic group G is a morphism of varieties: such that [1] (i) The map π {\displaystyle \pi } is surjective, and its fibers are exactly the G-orbits in X.
The direct approach can be made, by means of the function field of a variety (i.e. rational functions): take the G-invariant rational functions on it, as the function field of the quotient variety. Unfortunately this — the point of view of birational geometry — can only give a first approximation to the answer. As Mumford put it in the ...
Denote the subspace of all functions f ∈ C[0,1] with f(0) = 0 by M. Then the equivalence class of some function g is determined by its value at 0, and the quotient space C[0,1]/M is isomorphic to R. If X is a Hilbert space, then the quotient space X/M is isomorphic to the orthogonal complement of M.
In mathematics, given a category C, a quotient of an object X by an equivalence relation: is a coequalizer for the pair of maps , =,, where R is an object in C and "f is an equivalence relation" means that, for any object T in C, the image (which is a set) of : = (,) () is an equivalence relation; that is, a reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation.
An effective quotient orbifold, e.g., [/] where the action has only finite stabilizers on the smooth space , is an example of a quotient stack. [2]If = with trivial action of (often is a point), then [/] is called the classifying stack of (in analogy with the classifying space of ) and is usually denoted by .
[5] [6] The difference quotient is a measure of the average rate of change of the function over an interval (in this case, an interval of length h). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] : 237 [ 9 ] The limit of the difference quotient (i.e., the derivative) is thus the instantaneous rate of change.
In mathematics, a quotient algebra is the result of partitioning the elements of an algebraic structure using a congruence relation. Quotient algebras are also called factor algebras . Here, the congruence relation must be an equivalence relation that is additionally compatible with all the operations of the algebra, in the formal sense ...