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Side effects often could not be unambiguously attributed to spironolactone due concomitant use of other medications, particularly birth control pills. Hyperkalemia was rare (14/469; 3.0%) and was "invariably mild and clinically insignificant".
However, spironolactone is metabolized to three active metabolites, which give it prolonged activity (13.8 – 16. 5 hours). Spironolactone has a long half-life and is excreted 47-51% through kidneys. Patients with chronic kidney disease therefore require close monitoring when taking the drug. Spironolactone is also eliminated through feces (35-41%
Duration of treatment with atorvastatin is unlikely to increase the risk of muscle-related side effects as most occur within the first year of treatment, after which the risk is not increased further. [64] The known cardiovascular benefits of atorvastatin over time outweigh the low risk of muscle-related side effects. [65] [64]
Also has a high incidence of psychiatric side effects such as depression, anxiety, and fatigue. [citation needed] Spironolactone (Aldactone): An antimineralocorticoid (aldosterone antagonist) with additional/coincidental antiandrogen activity. Specifically acts as an AR antagonist, weak antigonadotropin, and weak steroidogenesis inhibitor.
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism ...
[16] [17] In any case, if one or both of these actions are clinically relevant, they might contribute to the menstrual irregularities and breast side effects of spironolactone. [14] [18] Spironolactone is also an agonist of the pregnane X receptor, [19] and is able to induce the expression of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein in the body via this action.
Unlike spironolactone, bicalutamide has no antimineralocorticoid activity, [97] and for this reason, has no risk of hyperkalemia (which can, rarely/in severe cases, result in hospitalization or death) [112] or other antimineralocorticoid side effects such as urinary frequency, dehydration, hypotension, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, or ...
Spirolactones are a class of functional group in organic chemistry featuring a cyclic ester attached spiro to another ring system. The name is also used to refer to a class of synthetic steroids, called steroid-17α-spirolactones, 17α-spirolactosteroids, or simply 17α-spirolactones, which feature their spirolactone group at the C17α position.