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It is known as the cotton bollworm, corn earworm, Old World (African) bollworm, or scarce bordered straw (the lattermost in the UK, where it is a migrant). [2] [1] The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including many important cultivated crops. It is a major pest in cotton and one of the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species.
Since it is polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) during the larval stage, the species has been given many different common names, including the cotton bollworm and the tomato fruitworm. It also consumes a wide variety of other crops. [2] The species is widely distributed across the Americas with the exception of northern Canada and Alaska.
Cotton bollworms are a significant pest of cotton. [1] "A major pest in hot countries of irrigated crops. Enters into a summer diapause when irrigated crops are not present and the soil and air temperatures are high. When the end of the dry season comes, the rain cools the soil and pupae come out of diapause." (Nibouche 2004)
They chew through the cotton lint to feed on the seeds. Since cotton is used for both fiber and seed oil, the damage is twofold. Their disruption of the protective tissue around the boll is a portal of entry for other insects and fungi. The pink bollworm is native to Asia, but has become an invasive species in most of the world's cotton-growing ...
Pectinophora is a genus of moths in the family Gelechiidae.Perhaps the best known species is the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). P. gossypiella is one of the world's most destructive insect pests that causes terrible damage to cotton bolls.
Bt cotton was created through the addition of genes encoding toxin crystals in the Cry group of endotoxin. [1] When insects attack and eat the cotton plant the Cry toxins or crystal protein are dissolved due to the high pH level of the insect's stomach.
Helicoverpa is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae first described by David F. Hardwick in 1965. [1] [2] Some species are among the worst Lepidopteran agricultural pests in the world, and three species (H. armigera, H. zea, and H. punctigera) migrate long distances both with and without human transportation, mixing resistance alleles along the way.
Earias fabia, called the cotton spotted bollworm as a larva, is a moth of the family Nolidae. The species was first described by Caspar Stoll in 1781. It is sometimes included in the species Earias vittella. Larval food plants are Gossypium hirsutum, Abelmoschus esculentus, Urena lobata, Brassica oleracea and Zea mays. [1] [2]