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Writing for a Nature journal for Nature. The Lancet: Formatting Guidelines for Authors: Formatting Guidelines for Electronic Submission of Revised Manuscripts. WWW OSNews Style Guide: Rules and Guidelines for Publishing and Participating on OSNews, by T. Holwerda. OSNews, 2007. Web Style Guide, 2nd ed., by Patrick Lynch and Sarah Horton.
The document includes a succinct set of practical guidelines explaining how to write complete, concise and clear manuscripts. [5] It is supplemented with a list for further reading as well as several short appendices (Abstracts; Ambiguity; Cohesion; Ethics; Plurals; Simplicity; Spelling; Text-tables) that present selected issues in greater detail or provide more examples.
Although the IMRAD structure emphasizes the organization of content, and in scientific journal articles, each section (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) has unique conventions for scientific writing style. [8] The following are key guidelines for formatting, although each journal etc will to some extent have its own house style:
Although publishers’ guidelines for formatting are the most critical resource for authors, [1] style guides are also key references since "virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication." [2] Nonetheless, individual publishers' standards always take precedence over style guides. [3]
Part 1 of the manual approaches the process of research and writing. This includes providing "practical advice" to formulate "the right questions, read critically, and build arguments" as well as helping authors draft and revise a paper. [3] Initially added with the seventh edition of the manual, this part is adapted from The Craft of Research ...
Citing inadequacies with current practices in listing authors of papers in medical research journals, Drummond Rennie and co-authors, writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1997, called for: a radical conceptual and systematic change, to reflect the realities of multiple authorship and to buttress accountability.
Publication of research results is the global measure used by all disciplines to gauge a scientist's level of success. [12] [13] Different fields have different conventions for writing style, and individual journals within a field usually have their own style guides. Some issues of scientific writing style include:
Ghost authorship occurs when an individual makes a substantial contribution to the research or the writing of the report, but is not listed as an author. [53] Researchers, statisticians and writers (e.g. medical writers or technical writers ) become ghost authors when they meet authorship criteria but are not named as an author.