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The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology. This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
Rather than being used to diagnose depression, a depression rating scale may be used to assign a score to a person's behaviour where that score may be used to determine whether that person should be evaluated more thoroughly for a depressive disorder diagnosis. [1] Several rating scales are used for this purpose. [1]
The Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item [1] diagnostic questionnaire which mental health professionals use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders.
The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a depressive symptom scale and diagnostic tool introduced in 2001 to screen adult patients in primary care settings. The instrument assesses for the presence and severity of depressive symptoms and a possible depressive disorder.
The PHQ is free and can be completed independently by the patient; it assesses a wide array of mental health concerns. [1] PHQ-9: Content validity: Excellent Covers the DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder. [3] Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) Good
Diagnosis can only occur if the symptoms cause "clinically significant distress or impairment". [1] Dysthymia consists of the same depressive symptoms, but its main differentiable feature is its longer-lasting nature as compared to minor depressive disorder.
The patient is rated by a clinician on 17 to 29 items (depending on version) scored either on a 3-point or 5-point Likert-type scale. For the 17-item version, a score of 0–7 is considered to be normal while a score of 20 or higher (indicating at least moderate severity) is usually required for entry into a clinical trial. [11]
In his view, it was the case that these cognitions caused depression, rather than being generated by depression. Beck developed a triad of negative cognitions about the world, the future, and the self, which play a major role in depression. An example of the triad in action taken from Brown (1995) is the case of a student obtaining poor exam ...
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