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Saturation — output voltage is limited to a peak value, usually slightly less than the power supply voltage. Saturation occurs when the differential input voltage is too high for the op-amp's gain, driving the output level to that peak value. Slewing — the amplifier's output voltage reaches its maximum rate of change.
The purpose of T2 and T3 is to allow back-biasing diode D2 when the amplifier output is at a positive peak (above 39.3 V) and back biasing D4 when the output is at negative peak less than -39.3 V. During the musical peaks from 100 to 400 watts, the +/-40 V rails source no current as all the current comes from the +/-80 V rails.
A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference between two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. [1] It is an analog circuit with two inputs and + and one output , in which the output is ideally proportional to the difference between the two voltages:
Doherty designs, which use a second output stage as a "peak" amplifier, can lift efficiency from the typical 15% up to 30-35% in a narrow bandwidth. Envelope Tracking designs are able to achieve efficiencies of up to 60%, by modulating the supply voltage to the amplifier in line with the envelope of the signal.
In the ideal OTA, the output current is a linear function of the differential input voltage, calculated as follows: = (+) where V in+ is the voltage at the non-inverting input, V in− is the voltage at the inverting input and g m is the transconductance of the amplifier.
The negative swing of the output will not dip below about −0.6 V, assuming a silicon PN diode. [1] A clamper (or clamping circuit or clamp) is an electronic circuit that fixes either the positive or the negative peak excursions of a signal to a defined voltage by adding a variable positive or negative DC voltage to it. [2]
The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input (+) with voltage V + and an inverting input (−) with voltage V −; ideally the op amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage. The output voltage of the op amp V out is given by the equation
Voltage: The amp's power supply voltage limits the maximum amplitude of the waveform it can output. This determines the peak momentary output power for a given load resistance. [1] [2] Current: The amp's output devices (transistors or tubes) have a current limit, above which they are damaged.