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The mind and behavior of non-human animals has captivated the human imagination for centuries. Many writers, such as Descartes, have speculated about the presence or absence of the animal mind. [7] These speculations led to many observations of animal behavior before modern science and testing were available.
A method used to test ToM in human children has been adapted for testing non-human animals. The basis of the test is to track the gaze of the animal. One human hides an object in view of a second human who then leaves the room. The object is then removed. [14]
Dogs show human-like social cognition in various ways. [9] [10] [32] For example, dogs can react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and they also understand human voice commands. [33] In one study, puppies were presented with a box, and shown that, when a handler pressed a lever, a ball would roll out of the box.
“Humans didn’t domesticate dogs, dogs domesticated themselves as they evolved from wolves because over time, humans have provided resources for them, like food, security and social bonding.
The court critically noted chimpanzees share at least 98 percent of their DNA with humans, and eminent primatologists have said the animals have advanced cognitive skills including the abilities ...
Many scientists regard all emotion and cognition (in humans and animals) as having a purely mechanistic basis. Because of the philosophical questions of consciousness and mind that are involved, many scientists have stayed away from examining animal and human emotion, and have instead studied measurable brain functions through neuroscience .
The intrinsic value of a human or any other sentient animal comes from within itself. It is the value it places on its own existence. Intrinsic value exists wherever there are beings that value themselves. [1] Intrinsic value is considered self-ascribed, all animals have it, unlike instrumental or extrinsic values.
Animal Cognition in Nature: The Convergence of Psychology and Biology in Laboratory and Field by Russell P. Balda, Irene M. Pepperberg, A. C. Kamil. ISBN 0-12-077030-X. Alex & Me: How a Scientist and a Parrot Discovered a Hidden World of Animal Intelligence--and Formed a Deep Bond in the Process, by Irene M. Pepperberg ISBN 978-0061673986