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Bone spurs develop on the bone and into the spinal canal or foraminal openings; Intervertebral discs may bulge or herniate into the canal or foraminal openings [26] Degenerative disc disease causes narrowing of the spaces. [27] Facet joints break down; Facet joints may hypertrophy [28] Compression fractures of the spine, which are common in ...
A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra. It may be due to trauma or due to a weakening of the vertebra (compare with burst fracture ). This weakening is seen in patients with osteoporosis or osteogenesis imperfecta , lytic lesions from metastatic or primary tumors , [ 1 ] or infection. [ 2 ]
Some authors favour degeneration of the intervertebral disc as the major cause of spinal disc herniation and cite trauma as a minor cause. [7] Disc degeneration occurs both in degenerative disc disease and aging. [8] With degeneration, the disc components – the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus – become exposed to altered loads ...
It can cause low back pain, weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs, loss of sensation, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and loss of reflexes. [39] There may be bilateral sciatica with central disc prolapse and altered gait. [38] Unlike conus medullaris syndrome, symptoms often occur only on one side of the body. [37]
Falling and colliding with other people in a contact sport can also cause this fracture. Falling causes the weight of the body to force hyperextension. In full-contact sports such as American football and Rugby, diving for the ball can lead a player to land on his head, forcing the neck into hyperextension. The further piling of players on top ...
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged. [2] Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [1]
Computed tomography can be helpful in evaluating bony vertebral abnormalities, such as fractures. [38] This can be helpful in determining if the fracture is a new, old, and/or progressing fracture. [38] CT use in spondylolisthesis evaluation is controversial due to high radiation exposure. [39]
A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, F x, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture. [1]