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Other permitted grape varieties are Sauvignon gris, Ugni blanc, Colombard, Merlot blanc, Ondenc and Mauzac. Recently permitted by Bordeaux wineries, three new white grapes have been added: Alvarinho, Petit Manseng, and Liliorila. [15] In the late 1960s Sémillon was the most planted grape in Bordeaux.
Perhaps most importantly, the regulations define wine as "the product obtained exclusively from the total or partial alcoholic fermentation of fresh grapes, whether or not crushed, or of grape must". [9] Furthermore, wine can only be made from grape varieties listed as allowed, and only those vine varieties may be planted for commercial purposes.
The end of apartheid sparked a wave of investment and innovation in the vineyards of the Cape, although there remains large areas of undistinguished grape varieties such as Colombard. Stellenbosch and Paarl can produce world-class wines from the Bordeaux varieties, Shiraz and also from Pinotage, a variety bred locally from Pinot noir and Cinsaut.
This unsung appellation is starting to get the respect it deserves.
By law the yield per plot is restricted to 9,500 kg per hectare, which is the equivalent of 14 bunches per vine for Petit Verdot grapes and 12 bunches per vine for other varieties. This quantity should (only) give a yield per hectare of 57 hectolitres (per hectare) once the process of wine-making has been completed.
In 2019, Marselan became one of four new red grapes authorized in Bordeaux wine production to combat temperature increases in Bordeaux. [6] The first Marselan vines were planted in Spain in 1990 in the Catalonia region across the Pyrénées from the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Today it can be in the Penedès, Terra Alta and Valencia regions. [4]
Since 2021, Castets is one of six new grape varieties that have been approved in Bordeaux in order to be prepared for the effects of climate change on viticulture. [2] Winegrowers in Bordeaux are allowed to plant up to five percent of the cultivated area (5500 hectares) with the new grape varieties
Margaux contains 1,413 hectares (3,490 acres) of vineyards, making it the second largest appellation in the Haut-Médoc (after Saint-Estèphe). [8] The châteaux are concentrated in the village, and the vineyards are more intermingled than elsewhere. [9] The vines ripen 7–10 days before the rest of the Médoc. [10]