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Women of the time still used a number of birth control measures such as coitus interruptus, inserting lily root and rue into the vagina, and infanticide after birth. [ 16 ] Historian John M. Riddle has advanced the hypothesis that women in classical antiquity, the Middle Ages , and the Early Modern period used herbs to control fertility.
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy. [1] [2] Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. [3]
Mauriceau was a doctor and his work was cited many times in early volumes of the Birth Control Review. Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws. [11]
The American Birth Control League (ABCL) was founded by Margaret Sanger in 1921 at the First American Birth Control Conference in New York City. [1] The organization promoted the founding of birth control clinics and encouraged women to control their own fertility. [1] In 1942, the league became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. [1]
As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs. [20] The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London. [21]
The standard of women lying flat on their back originated in the early 19th century in the US, and was recommended by male obstetricians on the basis of claims that the position was both more convenient for attending medical staff and that women would be more comfortable lying on their backs. [6]
Birth Control Review, sometimes styled The Birth Control Review, was a lay magazine established and edited by Margaret Sanger in 1917, three years after her friend, Otto Bobsein, coined the term "birth control" to describe voluntary motherhood or the ability of a woman to space children "in keeping with a family's financial and health resources."
The commission produced a report in 1966, proposing that artificial birth control was not intrinsically evil and that Catholic couples should be allowed to decide for themselves about the methods to be employed. [1] [page range too broad] [4] [page needed] [5] This report was approved by 64 of the 69 members voting. [6]