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Protoplast (from Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos) 'first-formed'), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the cell wall from plant , [ 3 ] bacterial , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] or fungal cells [ 5 ] [ 6 ] by mechanical ...
Protoplasm (/ ˈ p r oʊ t ə ˌ p l æ z əm /; [1] [2] pl. protoplasms) [3] is the part of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane.It is a mixture of small molecules such as ions, monosaccharides, amino acids, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc.
A plant cell wall was first observed and named (simply as a "wall") by Robert Hooke in 1665. [3] However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health.
C. perfringens utilizes a variety of sugars such as fructose, galactose, glycogen, lactose, maltose, mannose, raffinose, starch, and sucrose, and various genes for glycolytic enzymes. The amino acids of these various enzymes and sugar molecules are converted to propionate through propionyl-CoA, which results in energy production. [25]
The chemical structure of the outer membrane's lipopolysaccharide is often unique to specific bacterial sub-species and is responsible for many of the antigenic properties of these strains. In addition to the peptidoglycan layer the Gram-negative cell wall also contains an additional outer membrane composed of phospholipids and ...
[1] [2] One such point mutation D92E is in an enzyme yqiD/ispA involved in the mevalonate pathway of lipid metabolism that increased the frequency of L-form formation 1,000-fold. [1] The reason for this effect is not known, but it is presumed that the increase is related to this enzyme's role in making a lipid important in peptidoglycan synthesis.
Both families 18 and 19 consists of endochitinases from a variety of different organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, insect, and plants. However, family 19 mainly comprises plant chitinases. Family 20 includes N-acetylglucosaminidase and a similar enzyme, N-acetylhexosaminidase. [13]
Fused protoplast (left) with chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) and coloured vacuole (from a petal) Somatic fusion, also called protoplast fusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid. [1]