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The egg is not retained in the body for most of the period of development of the embryo within the egg, which is the main distinction between oviparity and ovoviviparity. [1] Oviparity occurs in all birds, most reptiles, some fishes, and most arthropods. Among mammals, monotremes (four species of echidna, and the platypus) are uniquely oviparous.
Ovipositor of long-horned grasshopper (the two cerci are also visible). The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs.In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages.
After laying her eggs, the female curls around them. The incubation period is divided into three phases. In the first phase, the embryo has no functional organs and relies on the yolk sac for sustenance. The yolk is absorbed by the developing young. [12] During the second phase, the digits develop. In the last phase, the egg tooth appears. [13]
The latter undergo a period of proliferation and mucification known as cumulus expansion. Mucification is the secretion of a hyaluronic acid-rich cocktail that disperses and gathers the cumulus cell network in a sticky matrix around the ovum. This network stays with the ovum after ovulation and has been shown to be necessary for fertilization.
Typically, the oviposition period lasts for about 24.8 days. E. mella typically oviposit on the cuticle of their host, but have also been documented to oviposit on the head capsule, setae, prolegs, and on the abdomen of hosts. [10] Though they prefer to oviposit on live hosts, females were also observed to oviposit on the surface of dead hosts.
This is different from other species that oviposit eggs singularly as it is known that they make hundreds of decisions on where to oviposit the eggs, when to oviposit the eggs, etc. The flight time of Hemileuca lucina is about two weeks during September and they lay eggs once a year ( univoltine ).
The larva feeds on dead or necrotic tissue for 3 to 10 days, depending on temperature and the quality of the food. During this period the larva passes through three larval instars. At a temperature of 16 °C (61 °F), the first larval instar lasts about 53 hours, the second about 42 hours and the third about 98 hours.
Adult beetles emerge in the spring from the soil where they have been overwintering as adult. They feed on hazel buds and leaves. The adults can be found from May to the end of August. Females oviposit within maturing hazelnuts, laying a single, yolk-rich egg per nut, around the end of July/beginning of August. One female can lay up to 20-30 eggs.