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Prolonged stress can disturb the immune, digestive, cardiovascular, sleep, and reproductive systems. [17] For example, it was found that: Chronic stress reduces resistance of infection and inflammation, and might even cause the immune system to attack itself. [27] Stress responses can cause atrophy of muscles and increases in blood pressure. [28]
Hans Selye defined stress as “the nonspecific (that is, common) result of any demand upon the body, be the effect mental or somatic.” [5] This includes the medical definition of stress as a physical demand and the colloquial definition of stress as a psychological demand. A stressor is inherently neutral meaning that the same stressor can ...
Stress (biology), an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition; Stress (mechanics), the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other; Oxidative stress, an imbalance of free radicals; Psychological stress, a feeling of strain and pressure Occupational stress, stress related to ...
Improving inequalities in health decreases the stress levels and improves health by reducing high allostatic load on the body. [ 46 ] Interventions can include encouraging sleep quality and quantity, social support, self-esteem and wellbeing, improving diet, avoiding alcohol or drug consumption, and participating in physical activity. [ 48 ]
Stress appears to play a role in hypertension, and may further predispose people to other conditions associated with hypertension. [48] Stress may precipitate abuse of drugs and/or alcohol. [5] Stress may also contribute to aging and chronic diseases in aging, such as depression and metabolic disorders. [49]
Although there is not always a direct correlation, harder or more stressful jobs generally garner higher salaries than easier or less-stressful ones. But while high pay is enough for many workers ...
Mindset is a significant factor in determining distress versus eustress. Optimistic people and those with high self-esteem contribute to eustress experiences. [36] The positive mindset increases the chances of eustress and a positive response to stressors. Currently, the predominant mindset toward stress is that stress is debilitating.
There are several questionnaires used to assess environmental and psychosocial stress. Such self-report measures include the Test of Negative Social Exchange, [17] the Marital Adjustment Test, [18] the Risky Families Questionnaire, [19] the Holmes–Rahe Stress Inventory, [20] the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress, [21] the Daily Stress Inventory, [22] the Job Content ...